How do we benchmark a compiled binary executable in Linux/Unix?
This will be too generic a question. The way to benchmark a piece of software is to first understand how the software works and what kind of resources it consumes when under load.
You will need to establish a hypothesis on what are the likely bottlenecks and uses tools to view and measure it.
In *nix, we have tools like sysstats, iostats, vmstats, dstats, netstats, top, ps, iftop, iotop, time, to help view the condition of the system and observe processes behaviours. If you are on Java, you can further drill using JMX tools.
If you are running in AWS, you can further use cloudwatch to see beyond a single host behaviour.