Data sources. We collect data from nine hyperscale Microsoft
datacenters spread around the world for periods
from 1.5 to 4 years. The data includes component health
and failure reports, traces of environmental conditions,
traces of component utilizations, cooling energy data,
and asset information.
The datacenters use a variety of cooling infrastructures,
exhibiting different environmental conditions,
hardware component reliabilities, energy efficiencies,
and costs. The three first columns from the left of Table 2
show each datacenter’s tag, its cooling technology, and
the length of data we have for it. The tags correspond to
the environmental conditions inside the datacenters (see
caption for details), not their cooling technology or location.
We classify a datacenter as “hot” (“H” as the
first letter of its tag) if at least 10% of its internal temperatures
over a year are above 24â—¦C, whereas we classify
it as “humid” (“H” as the second letter of the tag)
if at least 10% of its internal relative humidities over a
year are above 60%.
Prior works had shown that disk failures are
the most common for stable environmental conditions,
e.g. [27]. Our data shows that they also dominate in
modern, hotter and more humid datacenters. Interestingly,
as we discuss in Section 7, the placement of the
components (e.g., disks) inside each server affects their
failure rates, since the temperature and relative humidity
vary as air flows through the server.
Disk failure rates. Table 3 presents the disk AFRs for
the datacenters we study, and how much they differ relative
to the AFR of one of the datacenters with stable temperature
and relative humidity at each spatial spot (CD1).
We make several observations from these data:
1. The datacenters with consistently or frequently dry
internal environments exhibit the lowest AFRs, regardless
of cooling technologies. For example, CD1
and HD1 keep relative humidities stable at 50%.
2. High internal relative humidity increases AFRs by
107% (HH1) to 260% (HH4), compared to CD1.
Compared to HD1, the increases range from 55% to
170%. For example, HH1 exhibits a wide range of
relative humidities, with a large percentage of them
higher than 50% (Figure 1).
3. Free cooling does not necessarily lead to high AFR,
as CD3 shows. Depending on the local climate (and
with careful humidity control), free-cooled datacenters
can have AFRs as low as those of chiller-based
and water-side economized datacenters.
4. High internal temperature does not directly correlate
to the high range of AFRs (greater than 3%), as
suggested by datacenters HD1 and HD2.
The first two of these observations are indications that
relative humidity may have a significant impact on disk
failures. We cannot state a stronger result based solely on
Table 3, because there are many differences between the
datacenters, their servers and environmental conditions.
Thus, in the next few pages, we provide more detailed
evidence that consistently points in the same direction.
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