References
(Note: Full APA 7th formatting requires specific details like DOIs or URLs which are not always available from search snippets. Entries below follow the general format based on provided information.)
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2022, June 15). Captive Labor: Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers. ACLU. #39
Amnesty International. (n.d.). Executions Around the World. Death Penalty Information Center. #33
Amnesty International. (2009, January 16). Singapore: Executions since December defy global trend. Amnesty International. #37
Brunero, D. M. (Cited in). (2023, July 14). 'Riot Island': The brutal arc of Singapore's prison experiment. Southeast Asia Globe. #8
Death Penalty Information Center. (n.d.). Cited in Death Penalty. National Association of Social Workers. #45
Death Penalty Information Center. (n.d.). Cited in 10 Reasons Why The Death Penalty is Wrong. Human Rights Careers. #43
Equal Justice USA. (n.d.). Wasteful & Inefficient. Equal Justice USA. #21
Gray, T. S. J. (2023, January 28). Singapore's prison without walls made the world sit up in 1960s. How did it fall apart? CNA. #9
Human Rights Careers. (n.d.). 10 Reasons Why The Death Penalty is Wrong. Human Rights Careers. #43
Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR). (2023, November 9). Rights and wrongs of prison labour laws explored in new ICPR briefing. Birkbeck University of London. #3
International Labour Organization (ILO). (1930). Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). ILO. #7, #15, #17, #24
International Labour Organization (ILO). (1957). Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105). ILO. #15, #22, #35
International Labour Organization (ILO). (n.d.). Combating forced labour. ILO. #13
Loyola University of Los Angeles Law Review. (1989). Capital Punishment or Life Imprisonment—Some Cost Considerations. Loyola University of Los Angeles Law Review, 23(1), 45-58. #29, #32
Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. (n.d.). Capital Punishment: Our Duty or Our Doom? Santa Clara University. #41
National Archives of Singapore. (n.d.). Pulau Senang - Singapore. Singapore Infopedia. #5
National Archives of Singapore. (n.d.). Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises - Agency Details. Government Records. #16
National Association of Social Workers (NASW). (n.d.). Death Penalty. NASW. #45
Ohioans to Stop Executions. (n.d.). Dozens of comprehensive studies have been done about the cost of the death penalty. OTSE. #34
Penal Reform International (PRI). (2016). Short Guide to the Nelson Mandela Rules. PRI. #31
Penal Reform International (PRI). (2020, February 23). UN Nelson Mandela Rules. PRI. #36
Penal Reform International (PRI). (2024, April 11). Input to the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery... OHCHR. #12
Public Governance International. (n.d.). The Story of the Singapore Prison Service: From Custodians of Prisoners to Captains of Life. PGI. #11
Reddit. (2023, December 21). Ethics of human experimentation on death row inmates. Reddit. #30
Singapore Prison Service (SPS) & Yellow Ribbon Singapore (YRSG). (2024, February 14). SPS and YRSG Annual Statistics Release for 2023. SPS. #28
Singapore Prison Service (SPS). (n.d.). Cited in The Transformation of Yellow Ribbon Singapore. #25
The Advocates for Human Rights. (2020). SINGAPORE Stakeholder Report for the United Nations Universal Periodic Review. OHCHR. #23
United Nations (UN). (2015). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). UNODC. #19, #38
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2019, July 18). The Nelson Mandela Rules: Protecting the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty. OHCHR. #4
University College London (UCL). (2023). Labouring behind bars: assessing international law on working prisoners. UCL. #2
Various Authors. (n.d.). Pulau Senang prison riots. Wikipedia. #6
PS
The stark contrast between the rehabilitative aims of existing prison work programmes (like those run by YRSG) and the purely punitive and exploitative nature of the proposal underscores the ethical chasm. Focusing solely on extracting "free labour" ignores the complex realities of managing high-risk individuals and the broader societal commitment to human rights, even for those who have committed terrible crimes.
Footnotes
- Pulau Senang Riots (1963): This event (#5, #6, #8, #9, #10) is a crucial local historical data point demonstrating the failure of a specific prison labour experiment involving high-risk individuals (gang members detained without trial) in Singapore, highlighting the security risks discussed.
- Cost of Death Penalty: Multiple studies (#18, #21, #29, #32, #34), primarily from the US context due to available data, consistently show capital cases are significantly more expensive than life imprisonment cases, contradicting the "cost-saving" argument often used by proponents or raised in the forum (#1, #45). Costs include extended trials, mandatory appeals, and heightened security on death row.
- International Labour Standards: ILO Conventions 29 and 105 (#7, #13, #15, #17, #22, #24, #35) form the bedrock of international law against forced labour. While nuanced regarding prison labour for public authorities, the core principle is voluntariness, especially concerning work for private benefit.
- Nelson Mandela Rules: These UN rules (#4, #12, #19, #31, #36, #38) represent the global consensus on minimum standards for humane prison treatment, including aspects related to work, dignity, and rehabilitation.
- Death Row Numbers: Estimates for Singapore's death row population hover around 50 (#20, #23, #26, #33), reinforcing the argument about the negligible scale of any potential labour force.
Optional Enhancement
To deepen this analysis, further investigation could focus on:
- Detailed operational procedures and costs of Singapore's maximum-security prison management.
- Specific legal precedents or attorney-general opinions in Singapore regarding the interpretation of ILO conventions on prison labour.
- Comparative studies on the psychological impact of forced labour specifically on death row populations versus other inmate groups.
Please indicate if you wish to explore these specific areas further.