xbearbishopx,
You just need to understand that the passport of a person matters, not where he/she is a residence of. The passport is the only official international document that identifies the nationality of the person when in a foreign country. So there's not much point in bringing your IC to a foreign country since it's not internationally recognized.
The immigration forms you fill in when you enter a foreign country is just a record of your travel information for their Customs department, it's not a 'Visa'.
Japan exempts Visa for Singapore passports but not China passports. So for Singapore passports when we fly to Japan, we don't need to apply for a Visa beforehand (If staying within 90 days that Japan allows for Singapore passports. More than 90 days you would need a Visa though.). We just book the ticket and off we go (Make sure your Passport still have at least 6 months validity). For China passports, they would have to go to the nearest Japanese Embassy/Consulate (or do it online if there's such a facility) and apply for a Visa (there's a fee involved as well).
Please apply for a Visa BEFORE you book the air ticket just in case it gets rejected for whatever reason so the air ticket don't get wasted. Usually not a problem for tourists but you never know.
Another note is you might come across some countries advertising 'Visa On Arrival'. That means you don't need to apply for a Visa before you fly, you could just apply for it when you reach there at the airport. Qatar is an example.
This is my limited knowledge of Visas so far. Haven't had to apply for one yet so will be interesting for me when the time comes when I need to.