Ok...............................................
First of all,
a Quadro-branded card uses the same GPU chips as the GeForce version
For example Quadro RTX 5000 uses the fully enabled TU104 GPU also used in RTX 2080
https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/quadro-rtx-5000.c3308
It has the same number of shader cores, TMU and *** as a fully-enabled TU104, which is 2080 SUPER
There are other chips too, like Quadro RTX 4000 is a less-enabled TU104, while RTX 6000 and 8000 use TU102.
And no, a Quadro is not just a freaking magical term that you throw around that when you say Quadro people go "oooooo this guy is an expert", no. There are many Quadro cards based on different GPU chips just like the gaming cards.
So what's the difference from the gaming version then? Two main things:
1) (*Not always*) FP64 calculation speed
You will see this term being thrown around: Double-precision speed is 1/2 of single-precision speed. Or 1/16 or some ratio. A ratio of 1/2 is a workstation GPU specifically designed for FP64.
For example Titan RTX and Quadro RTX 8000 based on TU102 both have the same 16TFLOPS SP and 0.5TFLOPS DP, or a roughly 1/32 ratio. The reason double precision is so poor compared to single precision is because the GPU only has single precision units so to perform a single double precision operation requires doing many steps.
While Quadro GP100 for example, this on uses the older GP100 GPU, with a SP of just 10TFLOPS but a DP of 5TFLOPS.
2) Bigger memory and ECC memory
So is a Quadro faster or slower or gaming? Hardware wise, because they are the same chips as the corresponding gaming card, they perform the same. In practice however, Quadro cards are not as tested as much by the gaming developers so expect more issues on the software side.
In terms of price-performance, a GeForce card is definitely way better than Quadro unless your task is memory size limited, needs more FP64, or requires ECC memory.