http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/debunking-myths-about-lung-cancer
ONLY SMOKERS GET LUNG CANCER
Fact: Anyone can develop this disease, though current and former smokers are at a higher risk.
As many as 20 per cent of the people who die of lung cancer do not smoke or use any other form of tobacco. Some of the other risk factors include:
Radon gas: This gas occurs naturally outdoors in harmless amounts, but it can get trapped in houses and buildings. Studies have found that lung cancer risk is higher in those who have lived for many years in a radon-contaminated house.
As radon gas is an odourless gas that cannot be seen, the only way to know whether it is a problem in one's home is to test for it. Unfortunately, we do not have data on radon levels in Singapore.
Second-hand smoke: Each year, an estimated 7,000 adults die of lung cancer as a result of breathing in second-hand smoke. Laws that ban smoking in public places have helped to reduce this danger.
Cancer-causing agents at work: Some workplaces can expose one to carcinogens or cancer-causing agents, like asbestos and diesel exhaust. If you work around these agents, you should limit your exposure whenever possible.
Air pollution: It has long been known that both indoor and outdoor air pollution contribute to lung cancer. In 2013, the World Health Organisation classified outdoor air pollution as a carcinogen.
PS. It is not only haze that increases the risk of lung cancer (very very low), but rather the annual PM2.5 exposure. The risk for heart attacks, heart diseases like ischemic stroke is relatively much much higher vs lung cancer for the levels we experience here. (you gotta go to Indonesian cities like Palembang/Palangkaraya to have a good spike in risk for lung cancer). But do not compare Singapore's biomass haze vs China's smog, concentration ug/m3 for ug/m3, China's smog is much higher risk due to heavy metals found there like arsenic, cadmium etc.
PPS. EPA has done a big study with regards to cancer risk of wood smoke vs diesel exhaust smoke. The lung cancer risk is 3X that of wood smoke at the same concentration. Fortunately, at present we don't have a big issue with diesel exhaust smoke due to the latest Euro standards (other countries are Euroless or Euro II at best). But maybe you'd still take note if you live beside an expressway, eg Sims Drive just 40m from PIE.
i believe IARC #161 states it all
speaking of radioactive stuff, one of my clients who's a geomancer told me that amethyst um, crystals (those humongous ones) MAY be radioactive - so it MAY be a case of poisoning oneself.... and hence he does not advise his clients to get it - and neither does he.
